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Metrics details. The gutless marine worm Olavius algarvensis has a completely reduced digestive and excretory system, and lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with bacterial symbionts. While considerable knowledge has been gained of the symbionts, the host has remained largely unstudied. Here, we generated transcriptomes and proteomes of O. Additionally, we identified a large repertoire of proteins involved in interactions between the worm's innate immune system and its symbiotic microbiota, such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins, lectins, fibrinogen-related proteins, Toll and scavenger receptors, and antimicrobial proteins.
We show how this worm, over the course of evolutionary time, has modified widely-used proteins and changed their expression patterns in adaptation to its symbiotic lifestyle and describe expressed components of the innate immune system in a marine oligochaete.
Our results provide further support for the recent realization that animals have evolved within the context of their associations with microbes and that their adaptive responses to symbiotic microbiota have led to biological innovations. Most, if not all, animals are associated with a species-specific microbial assemblage that profoundly affects their evolution, ecology, development and health [ 1 — 3 ].
Animals and their microbiota have evolved molecular mechanisms to recognize and maintain these stable associations, and on the host side, these mechanisms are largely mediated by their immune system [ 4 ]. The mechanisms that govern host-symbiont interactions have been studied in a number of model organisms [ 4 , 5 ], but remain unexplored in many animal phyla. Olavius algarvensis is a gutless oligochaete worm Annelida; Oligochaeta; Phallodrilinae that lives in an obligate nutritional symbiosis with at least four bacterial species [ 6 ].