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Maydianne C. The adaptive male sacrifice hypothesis proposes that this increased reproductive payoff from a single mating outweighs the residual reproductive value of a cannibalized male, because high mortality during mate searching restricts alternative mating opportunities. It has been reported that redback male residual reproductive value is low because males are functionally sterile after one mating—a putative intrinsic constraint that could arguably favor self-sacrifice in the absence of ecological restrictions on multiple mating.
However, sterility and self-sacrifice may both arise as aspects of a terminal investment strategy if the probability of multiple mating is sufficiently low. Here I report field data that support the adaptive male sacrifice hypothesis. Data from two observational field studies and one release experiment suggest that in the absence of cannibalism, male redbacks would expect fewer than one mating opportunity in a lifetime.
This expectation was not significantly higher for a large male or one in good condition. A simple quantitative analysis confirms that even if males are assumed to be fertile throughout life, the measured mortality rate during mate search in combination with previously documented paternity benefits of cannibalism is sufficient to ensure that self-sacrifice is adaptive for male redback spiders.
Consistent with the adaptive self-sacrifice hypothesis, redback males are at risk of sperm competition but accrue significant paternity benefits if consumed by their mates Andrade, Cannibalized redback males copulate longer than do noncannibalized competitors and can double their paternity relative to rivals. Cannibalized males are also less likely to be cuckolded Andrade, The paternity benefits of cannibalism in one mating could result in sexual selection for self-sacrifice only if males have low residual reproductive value after that mating Buskirk et al.
