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The association between life event stress and depressive symptoms has not been analyzed in the general population before. In the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study, we assessed the association of 1. Of the total cohort of 4, participants, 1, had experienced important life events during the previous 6 months. Associations were stronger for women than for men and for pessimists than for optimists.
Among the participants with important life events, median Q1; Q3 stress-score was Experiencing life-changing events is associated with depression. Women and individuals with pessimistic personality are especially vulnerable which should be considered in prevention strategies. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: Due to data security reasons i. Data requests can also be addressed to the data manager of the HNR study recall uk-essen. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. It has consistently been demonstrated that negative life events often precede the onset of major depressive episodes [ 1 ]. Complex study designs such as longitudinal analyses of population-based samples including dizygotic and monozygotic twins have made it possible to conclude that life events actually trigger, that is causally influence depressive reactions, instead of just being symptoms of depression [ 2 ].
Previous research investigating the association between life events and depression was mostly performed in case-control studies using fixed lists of life events.