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Many animals form aggregations with individuals of the same species single-species aggregations, SSA. Less frequently, individuals may also aggregate with individuals of other species mixed-species aggregations, MSA. Here, we first review the cases of MSA in harvestmen, an arachnid order in which the records of MSA are more frequent than other arthropod orders. Second, using field-gathered data we describe gregariousness in seven species of Prionostemma harvestmen from Costa Rica.
We tested one possible benefit and one possible cost of gregariousness in Prionostemma harvestmen. Regarding the benefit, we hypothesized that individuals missing legs would be more exposed to predation than eight-legged individuals and thus they should be found preferentially in aggregations, where they would be more protected from predators.
Our data, however, do not support this hypothesis. Regarding the cost, we hypothesized that gregariousness increases the chances of parasitism.
We found no support for this hypothesis either because both mite prevalence and infestation intensity did not differ between solitary or aggregated individuals. This lack of effect may be explained by the fluid membership of the aggregations, as we found high turnover over time in the number of individuals and species composition of the aggregations. In conclusion, we hope our review and empirical data stimulate further studies on MSA, which remains one of the most elusive forms of group living in animals.