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You have full access to this open access article. Density is crucial for understanding large carnivore ecology and conservation, but estimating it has proven methodologically difficult.
We identified 42 different jaguars and determined their sex, age class, and reproductive status. Models without temporal variation received more support than models that allowed variation between sessions.
Males, reproductive females, and nonreproductive females differed in their density, baseline detectability, and movement. The best estimate of total adult jaguar population density was 4. Based on reproductive female density and mean number of offspring per female, we estimated cub density at 3. We conclude that extending the sampling period to 1 year increases the detectability of females and cubs and makes density estimates more robust as compared to the more common short studies.
Our results demonstrate that the Venezuelan Llanos represent important jaguar habitat, and further, they emphasize the importance of protected areas and hunting restrictions for carnivore conservation. Population density is central to understanding the ecology, spatial distribution, and abundance of all organisms Krebs , yet estimating density reliably remains a challenging problem in applied ecology. This issue remains especially persistent for ecologically important large carnivores.