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What can we learn from reading Indian Ocean histories of slavery beyond trans-Atlantic and colonial terminologies of race and difference? Through what processes and practices was the slave distinguished from the non-slave?
By the fourteenth-fifteenth century, many such dargah were part of residential-cum-learning complexes made up of a school madrasah , a free pantry langar as well as a lodge or hostel khanqah. Both Sufi teachers and warrior Sultans presided over territorial estates vilayat and administrations in which slave and non-slaves worked together. In the Indian subcontinent between the thirteenth and eighteenth century, free-born people valued descent from biological ancestors nasab alongside lines of spiritual descent or discipleship either to a Saiva or Vaisnava guru or to a Sufi teacher and place within the respective Saiva, Vaisnava or Sufi order sampradaya , silsilah.
Merchants, scholars and saints also had slaves. AR: What meaning was given to honor and property in enslavement? IC: Honor and dishonor are socially and historically specific ways of reckoning personal and collective standing relative to others.
So parallel systems of dignity and honor should be kept in mind for understanding the histories of honor and dishonor too in the subcontinent before European empires.